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Art Nouveau

International philosophy and style of art and architecture, most popular during 1890-1905.

The name "Art Nouveau" (French for "new art") is also known as Jugendstil, derived from the German magazine Jugend which promoted it, and in Italy as Stile Liberty from the department store Liberty & Co. in London which popularised the style.

Art Nouveau was a reaction to academic art of the 19th century and could be considered to be the first 20th century modern style. It was the first style to stop looking backwards in history for ideas, taking inspiration instead from what it saw around it. It was particular inspirated in natural forms and structures, not only in flowers and plants, also in curve lines.
Art Nouveau was also a response to the Industrial Revolution. Some artists welcomed technological progress and embraced the aesthetic possibilities of new materials such as cast iron. Others deplored the shoddiness of mass-produced machine-made goods and aimed to elevate the decorative arts to the level of fine art by applying the highest standards of craftsmanship and design to everyday objects.
Art Nouveau designers also believed that all the arts should work in harmony to create a "total work of art," or Gesamtkunstwerk: furniture, textiles, clothes, and jewelry all had to be designed according to the whole building and the principles of Art Nouveau making the style part of ordinary life.

The style was influenced strongly by Czech artist Alphonse Mucha who produced a lithographed poster, which appeared on 1 January 1895 in the streets of Paris as an advertisement for the play Gismonda by Victorien Sardou, featuring Sarah Bernhardt. It popularised the new artistic style and its creator to the citizens of Paris. Initially named Style Mucha, his style soon became known as Art Nouveau.

Art Nouveau was most popular in Europe and the British Isles, but its influence was global. In France, Hector Guimard's Paris metro entrances were of art nouveau style and Emile Gallé practised the style in Nancy. Victor Horta had a decisive effect on architecture in Belgium. Magazines like Jugend helped publicise the style in Germany, especially as a graphic artform, while the Vienna Secessionists influenced art and architecture throughout Austria-Hungary. Art Nouveau was also a style of distinct individuals such as Gustav Klimt, Charles Rennie Mackintosh, Alphonse Mucha, René Lalique, Antoni Gaudí and Louis Comfort Tiffany, each of whom interpreted it in their own manner.

Although Art Nouveau was replaced by 20th-century modernist styles, it is considered now as an important transition between the historicism of Neoclassicism and modernism.

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Associated subjects: symbolism (+), whistler (+), nabis (+), nineteenth-century revivals (+), post-impressionism (+), henri de toulouse-lautrec (+), arts and crafts movement (+), design reform (+), louis comfort tiffany (+), art deco (+), natural world (+), western markets (+), performance art (+), marcel duchamp (+), pop art (+), happenings (+), conceptual art (+), landscapes (+), japan (+), installations (+), frank lloyd wright (+), collage (+), nouveau realisme (+), cubism (+), gerhard richter (+), charles rennie mackintosh (+), rococo style (+), neo-dada (+), beardsley (+), william morris (+)

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