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The Art of the Ayyubid Period (ca. 1171–1260)

The Ayyubid dynasty came to power under the leadership of the Kurdish Zengid general Salah al-Din (r. 1169–93), known in Europe as Saladin. After repulsing a Crusader army that had reached the gates of Fatimid Cairo and occupying Egypt on behalf of the Zengids (1160s), Salah al-Din declared the Fatimid caliphate to be at its end, and established the Ayyubid sultanate (1171). Soon thereafter, Salah al-Din also gained control over Yemen (1174) and Syria (1180s). The conflict with the Crusaders continued throughout the Ayyubid period; Jerusalem was captured by the Muslims in 1187, then, following a failed treaty, ceded until 1244, when the city was retaken for good. The sultanate depended on mamluks (slave soldiers) for its military organization, yet the end of the dynasty in 1250 was largely caused by Turkic mamluks themselves, who overthrew the last Ayyubid sultan in Egypt, al-Malik al-Ashraf (r. 1249–50) and founded the Mamluk sultanate (1250–1517).

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Associated subjects: seljuq iran (+), enameled glass (+), fatimid caliphate (+), mamluk sultanate (+), crusader army (+), portraits (+), enameled and gilded glass (+), clocks (+), timur (+), ottoman empire (+), commercial and diplomatic relations (+), crusaders (+), ayyubid sultans (+), inscribing (+), ottomans (+), armor (+), islamic-style bookbindings (+), fatimids (+), mongol armies (+), carpets (+), mamluks (+), safavid (+), spice (+), south and southeast asia (+), ilkhanids (+)

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