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Cubism

A 20th century avant-garde art movement that revolutionized European art, and inspired music, literature and architecture.

The Cubist painters wanted to emphasize the two-dimensionality of the canvas and reduced and fractured objects into geometric forms. In cubist artworks, objects are broken up, analyzed, and re-assembled in an abstracted form. Instead of depicting objects from one viewpoint, the artist depicts the subject from a multitude of viewpoints to represent the subject in a greater context. Often the surfaces intersect at seemingly random angles, removing a coherent sense of depth. The background and object planes interpenetrate one another to create the shallow ambiguous space, one of cubism's distinct characteristics.

The invention of Cubism was a joint effort between Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque in Paris. A later active participant was Juan Gris. The French art critic Louis Vauxcelles coined the term Cubism when he used the word 'cubes' for the geometric forms in the highly abstracted landscapes Braque had painted in emulation of Cézanne in 1908 at L'Estaque.

During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, artists such as Paul Gauguin and Henri Matisse, were discovering African, Micronesian and Native American art. Pablo Picasso met Matisse in 1906, and both were intrigued and inspired by the stark power and simplicity of styles of those foreign cultures. The stylization and distortion of Picasso's ground-breaking 'Les Demoiselles d'Avignon' painted in 1907, came from African art he had seen when he visited the ethnographic museum in the Palais du Trocadéro in Paris.

The roots of cubism are to be found in Paul Gauguin's and particular Cézanne's later work where he breaks the painted surface into small multifaceted areas of paint, thereby emphasizing the plural viewpoint given by binocular vision, and shows his interest in the simplification of natural forms into cylinders, spheres, and cones.

The first branch of cubism, known as Analytic Cubism, was both radical and influential as a short but highly significant art movement between 1907 and 1911 in France. In Cubist work up to 1910, the subject of a picture was usually discernible. During "high" Analytic Cubism (1910-12) Picasso and Braque so abstracted their works that they were reduced to just a series of overlapping planes and facets mostly in near-monochromatic browns, grays, or blacks.
In 'Analytic Cubism' the small facets of the "analyzed" object are reassembled to evoke that same object. In the second phase of Cubism, Synthetic Cubism, Picasso and Braque swept away the last vestiges of three-dimensional space using a new technique where large pieces of neutral or colored paper allude to a particular object, either because they are cut out in the desired shape or else bear a graphic element that clarifies the association.

The movement was adopted and further developed by many painters, including Roger de La Fresnaye, Albert Gleizes, Jean Metzinger, Diego Rivera, Jean Metzinger, Marie Laurencin, Max Weber, Marie Vorobieff, Louis Marcoussis, Jeanne Rij-Rousseau, Henri Le Fauconnier, František Kupka, Jean Marchand, Léopold Survage, Patrick Henry Bruce among others.
The major Cubist sculptors were Alexander Archipenko, Raymond Duchamp-Villon and Jacques Lipchitz.
The Puteaux Group or Section d'Or was a significant offshoot of the Cubist movement; it included Guillaume Apollinaire, Robert and Sonia Delaunay, Marcel Duchamp, his brothers Raymond Duchamp-Villon and Jacques Villon, and Fernand Léger, and Francis Picabia.
Purism was an artistic offshoot of Cubism that developed after World War I. Leading proponents of Purism include Le Corbusier and Amédée Ozenfant.

Cubism spread and remained vital until around 1919. The liberating formal concepts initiated by it had however far-reaching consequences for follow-ups like Dada and Surrealism, as well as for all artists pursuing abstraction in Germany, Holland, Italy, England, America, and Russia.

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Associated subjects: pablo picasso (+), surrealism (+), cezanne (+), marcel duchamp (+), america (+), fernand leger (+), georges seurat (+), henri laurens (+), georges braque (+), piet mondrian (+), albert gleizes (+), jean metzinger (+), alexander archipenko (+), paul cezanne (+), juan gris (+), abstract (+), collage (+), modern art (+), painting (+), neo-plasticism (+), constructivism (+), delaunays (+), orphism (+), synthetic cubism (+), analytical cubism (+), fauvism (+), school of paris (+), guernica (+), el greco (+), surrealist imagery (+)

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