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Gothic art (1150-16th century)

A Medieval art movement that developed in France out of Romanesque art in the mid-12th century, led by the development of the most important and original art form during the Gothic period: Gothic architecture. It spread to all of Western Europe, took over art more completely north of the Alps, but never quite effaced more classical styles in Italy.

Periods
* French Gothic Art: Early Gothic (1140-1194), High Gothic (1194-1300), Rayonnant Gothic (13th-14th-centuries), Flamboyant Gothic (14th-16th centuries)
* English Gothic (1179-16th-century) and German Gothic (13th-14th-centuries)
* Famous artists of early Gothic art were Cimabue, Duccio, Giotto and Simone Martini.

In the late 14th century, the sophisticated court style of International Gothic developed, which continued to evolve until the late 15th century. Gothic art lasted 150 to three or four hundred years in some countries like in Germany where Late Gothic art continued well into the 16th century.

Gothic art included mainly sculpture, panel painting, stained glass, fresco and illuminated manuscript. The earliest Gothic art was monumental sculpture, on the walls of Cathedrals and abbeys. Painting in a style that can be called "Gothic" did not appear until about 1200, nearly 50 years after the start of Gothic architecture and sculpture. The transition from Romanesque to Gothic occurs first in England and France around 1200, in Germany around 1220 and Italy around 1300. Gothic ornamental detailing is often introduced before change is seen in the style of figures or compositions themselves.
In Gothic art figures become more animated in pose and facial expression, tend to be smaller in relation to the background of scenes, and are arranged more freely in the pictorial space. Christian art often showed the stories of the New Testament and the Old Testament side by side. Saints' lives were often depicted. Images of the Virgin Mary changed from the Byzantine iconic form to a more human and affectionate mother, cuddling her infant, swaying from her hip, and showing the refined manners of a well-born aristocratic courtly lady.

Secular art came in to its own during this period with the rise of cities, foundation of universities, the establishment of a money-based economy and the creation of a bourgeois class who could afford to patronize the arts. Increased literacy and a growing body of secular vernacular literature encouraged the representation of secular themes in art. Trade guilds were formed and artists were often required to be members of a painters' guild. As a result better record keeping made more artists known to us by name in this period than any previous; while some artists were even so bold as to sign with their names.

The word "Gothic" for art was initially a synonym for "Barbaric". Its critics found this type of Medieval art unrefined and too remote from the aesthetic proportions and shapes of Classical art. The "Gothic" qualifier was first used in Raphael's letter to Pope Leo X c.1518 and subsequently popularised by the Italian artist and writer Giorgio Vasari, who used it as early as 1530, calling Gothic art a "monstrous and barbarous" "disorder". "Gothic art" was also strongly criticized by French authors such as Boileau, La Bruyère and Rousseau, before becoming a recognized form of art.

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Associated subjects: sculptural program (+), crucifixion (+), romanesque buildings (+), carolingian (+), stained-glass windows (+), private devotion (+), illuminated manuscripts (+), nordic tribes that overran the roman empire (+), ottonian (+), classical antiquity (+), reliquaries (+), the last judgment (+), liturgical (+), alexander the great (+), empire style (+), carving of ivory (+), byzantine examples (+), mannerism (+), arts and crafts movement (+), neoclassical (+), jean, duc de berry (+), communal liturgy (+), romantic movement (+), gothic period (+), arms and armor (+), polychrome style (+), animal style (+), barbarian (+), migration period (+), early medieval art (+)

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