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Neoclassicism
Name given to movements in the decorative and visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture that draw upon Western classical art and culture that has achieved canonic status (usually that of Ancient Greece or Ancient Rome and the achievements of the Renaissance from the period of Raphael (1483-1520) to that of Nicolas Poussin (1594-1665) and Claude Lorrain (1604/5?-1682)). Neoclassical movements were dominant in northern Europe during the mid-18th to the end of the 19th century.In the visual arts "neoclassicism" began after 1765, as a reaction against the surviving Baroque and the sensuous and frivolously decorative Rococo style which was seen as over-the-top and shallow stimulated by the new and more scientific interest in classical antiquity that arose in the 18th century.Architecturally, it was characterized by similarities to classical structures as well as the 16th century Renaissance Classicism, including order and simplicity. Artistically, it was also modelled on works from the classical world, often containing political themes including bravery and war. In the case of Neo-classicism in France, a prime example is Jacques Louis David whose paintings often use Roman and Greek elements to extol the French Revolution's virtues (state before family).Contrasting with the Baroque and the Rococo, Neo-classical paintings are devoid of pastel colors and haziness and have sharp colors with Chiaroscuro. Neoclassicism first gained influence in England and France, through a generation of French art students trained in Rome and influenced by the writings of Johann Joachim Winckelmann. In France, the first phase of neoclassicism is expressed in the "Louis XVI style". A second neoclassic wave we call "Directoire" or Empire, that is more severe, more studied and more consciously archaeological. It is associated with the height of the Napoleonic Empire.The high tide of neoclassicism in painting is exemplified in early paintings by Jacques-Louis David and Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres' entire career. In sculpture, the most familiar representatives are the Italian Antonio Canova, the Englishman John Flaxman and the Dane Bertel Thorvaldsen. The European neoclassical manner also took hold in the United States, where its prominence peaked somewhat later and is exemplified in the sculptures of William Henry Rinehart (18251874).In the decorative arts, neoclassicism is exemplified in Empire furniture made in Paris, London, New York, Berlin and in Wedgwood's bas reliefs and "black basaltes" vases. The Scots architect Charles Cameron created palatial Italianate interiors for the German-born Catherine II the Great in Russian St. Petersburg. Indoors, neoclassicism made a discovery of the genuine classic interior, inspired by the rediscoveries at Pompeii and Herculaneum.From about 1800 a fresh influx of Greek architectural examples, seen through the medium of etchings and engravings, gave a new impetus to neoclassicism that is called the Greek Revival.
Neoclassicism continued to be a major force in academic art through the 19th century and beyond although from the late 19th century on it had often been considered anti-modern, or even reactionary, in influential critical circles.
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National Gallery of Art, NGA - 18th- and 19th-Century France — Neoclassicism tour: 18th- and 19th-century france — neoclassicism overview « back to gallery the french revolution began in 1789, when citizens stormed the bastille prison in paris. within a few years, france had adopted and overthrown several constitutions and executed its former king.
http://www.nga.gov/collection/gallery/gg56/gg56-over2.html [597 words]
National Gallery of Art, NGA - 18th- and 19th-Century France — Neoclassicism tour: 18th- and 19th-century france — neoclassicism overview « back to gallery the french revolution began in 1789, when citizens stormed the bastille prison in paris. within a few years, france had adopted and overthrown several constitutions and executed its former king.
http://www.nga.gov/collection/gallery/gg56/gg56-over1.html [597 words]
Neoclassicism | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art neoclassicism... statuette of nike (personification of victory), late 5th century b.c.; classical greek terracotta h. 7 in. (17.8 cm) rogers fund, 1907 (07.286.23) ... statue of a woman, second half of 4th century b.c.
http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/neoc_1/hd_neoc_1.htm [2771 words]
National Gallery of Art, NGA - 18th- and 19th-Century France — Neoclassicism tour: 18th- and 19th-century france — neoclassicism overview ¦ start tour 7 « previous « back to french and italian painting of the 18th century overview the french revolution began in 1789, when citizens stormed the bastille prison in paris.
http://www.nga.gov/collection/gallery/gg56/gg56-main2.html [150 words]
National Gallery of Art, NGA - 18th- and 19th-Century France — Neoclassicism tour: 18th- and 19th-century france — neoclassicism overview ¦ start tour 1 2 3 4 5 6 » next « back to french and italian painting of the 18th century overview the french revolution began in 1789, when citizens stormed the bastille prison in paris.
http://www.nga.gov/collection/gallery/gg56/gg56-main1.html [155 words]
Tate | Glossary | Neoclassicism neoclassicism term applied to particularly pure form of classicism that emerged from about 1750 following discovery of roman ruins of pompeii and publication 1764 of highly influential history of ancient art by german scholar winckelmann.
http://www.tate.org.uk/collections/glossary/definition.jsp?entryId=186 [119 words]