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Northern European Renaissance

Renaissance art in Europe outside Italy. Because the most innovative art was created in France, the Netherlands and Germany during this time, the "Northern" reference has stuck.

From the late 15th century the ideas from Italian Renaissance influenced the German, French, English, Netherlandish and Polish and other national and localized art, each with different characteristics and strengths.

The Renaissance art in the northern countries reflects a fondness for meticulous rendering of details, there is less of the classical ideal apparent (partly explained by their lack of access to Greek and Roman models) and remnants of Gothic influences remained in their compositions. Italy produced fabulous egg tempera paintings and frescoes while the climate in The North isn't conducive to curing them, as is egg tempera painted on wood. The north developed therefore the chemistry of oil paints.

The detailed realism of Early Netherlandish painting that embodies both the culmination of Mediaeval artistic heritage in northern Europe and respond to Renaissance ideals is categorized as belonging to both the Early Renaissance and the Late Gothic. The Antwerp Mannerists (1500–1530) -unrelated to Italian Mannerism- were among the first artists in the Low Countries to clearly reflect Italian formal developments.
In France, King Francis I imported Italian art, commissioned Italian artists like Leonardo da Vinci, and built grand palaces at great expense beginning the French Renaissance.
Trade and commerce in cities like Bruges in the 15th century and Antwerp in the 16th increased cultural exchange between Italy and the Low Countries, however late Gothic influences especially in architecture remained present until the arrival of Baroque.
Around the same time, Albrecht Dürer made trips to Italy, where he was greatly admired for his prints, and he, in turn, was influenced by the art he saw there. Painters as Hans Holbein the Elder and Jean Fouquet, retained a Gothic influence, while highly individualistic artists such as Hieronymus Bosch and Pieter Bruegel the Elder developed styles that were imitated by many subsequent generations.

Northern painters in the 16th century increasingly looked and travelled to Rome, becoming known as the Romanists. The High Renaissance art of Michelangelo and Raphael and the late Renaissance stylistic tendencies of Mannerism that were in vogue had a great impact on their work.

Renaissance humanism and the large number of surviving classical artworks and monuments encouraged many Italian painters to explore Greco-Roman themes while the 15th-century German and Netherlandish paintings tend to be religious. In the 16th century, mythological and other themes from history became more uniform amongst northern and Italian artists. Northern Renaissance painters, however, added themes as landscape and genre painting.
As northern Europe became more openly rebellious over the authority of the Church, art took a decidedly secular turn.

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Associated subjects: titian (+), leonardo da vinci (+), emilia-romagna (+), lombardy (+), veneto (+), albrecht durer (+), women (+), pieter bruegel the elder (+), caravaggio (+), petrus christus (+), crucifixion (+), private devotion (+), antonello da messina (+), leon battista alberti (+), fra angelico (+), jan gossart (+), el greco (+), jan van eyck (+), drawings (+), donatello (+), bronzino (+), nature (+), virgin and child (+), filippo brunelleschi (+), hans holbein de jonge (+), sandro botticelli (+), burgundian court (+), operatic works (+), life of christ (+), late renaissance (+)

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